Source file src/runtime/traceback.go

     1  // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  package runtime
     6  
     7  import (
     8  	"internal/abi"
     9  	"internal/bytealg"
    10  	"internal/goarch"
    11  	"runtime/internal/sys"
    12  	"unsafe"
    13  )
    14  
    15  // The code in this file implements stack trace walking for all architectures.
    16  // The most important fact about a given architecture is whether it uses a link register.
    17  // On systems with link registers, the prologue for a non-leaf function stores the
    18  // incoming value of LR at the bottom of the newly allocated stack frame.
    19  // On systems without link registers (x86), the architecture pushes a return PC during
    20  // the call instruction, so the return PC ends up above the stack frame.
    21  // In this file, the return PC is always called LR, no matter how it was found.
    22  
    23  const usesLR = sys.MinFrameSize > 0
    24  
    25  const (
    26  	// tracebackInnerFrames is the number of innermost frames to print in a
    27  	// stack trace. The total maximum frames is tracebackInnerFrames +
    28  	// tracebackOuterFrames.
    29  	tracebackInnerFrames = 50
    30  
    31  	// tracebackOuterFrames is the number of outermost frames to print in a
    32  	// stack trace.
    33  	tracebackOuterFrames = 50
    34  )
    35  
    36  // unwindFlags control the behavior of various unwinders.
    37  type unwindFlags uint8
    38  
    39  const (
    40  	// unwindPrintErrors indicates that if unwinding encounters an error, it
    41  	// should print a message and stop without throwing. This is used for things
    42  	// like stack printing, where it's better to get incomplete information than
    43  	// to crash. This is also used in situations where everything may not be
    44  	// stopped nicely and the stack walk may not be able to complete, such as
    45  	// during profiling signals or during a crash.
    46  	//
    47  	// If neither unwindPrintErrors or unwindSilentErrors are set, unwinding
    48  	// performs extra consistency checks and throws on any error.
    49  	//
    50  	// Note that there are a small number of fatal situations that will throw
    51  	// regardless of unwindPrintErrors or unwindSilentErrors.
    52  	unwindPrintErrors unwindFlags = 1 << iota
    53  
    54  	// unwindSilentErrors silently ignores errors during unwinding.
    55  	unwindSilentErrors
    56  
    57  	// unwindTrap indicates that the initial PC and SP are from a trap, not a
    58  	// return PC from a call.
    59  	//
    60  	// The unwindTrap flag is updated during unwinding. If set, frame.pc is the
    61  	// address of a faulting instruction instead of the return address of a
    62  	// call. It also means the liveness at pc may not be known.
    63  	//
    64  	// TODO: Distinguish frame.continpc, which is really the stack map PC, from
    65  	// the actual continuation PC, which is computed differently depending on
    66  	// this flag and a few other things.
    67  	unwindTrap
    68  
    69  	// unwindJumpStack indicates that, if the traceback is on a system stack, it
    70  	// should resume tracing at the user stack when the system stack is
    71  	// exhausted.
    72  	unwindJumpStack
    73  )
    74  
    75  // An unwinder iterates the physical stack frames of a Go sack.
    76  //
    77  // Typical use of an unwinder looks like:
    78  //
    79  //	var u unwinder
    80  //	for u.init(gp, 0); u.valid(); u.next() {
    81  //		// ... use frame info in u ...
    82  //	}
    83  //
    84  // Implementation note: This is carefully structured to be pointer-free because
    85  // tracebacks happen in places that disallow write barriers (e.g., signals).
    86  // Even if this is stack-allocated, its pointer-receiver methods don't know that
    87  // their receiver is on the stack, so they still emit write barriers. Here we
    88  // address that by carefully avoiding any pointers in this type. Another
    89  // approach would be to split this into a mutable part that's passed by pointer
    90  // but contains no pointers itself and an immutable part that's passed and
    91  // returned by value and can contain pointers. We could potentially hide that
    92  // we're doing that in trivial methods that are inlined into the caller that has
    93  // the stack allocation, but that's fragile.
    94  type unwinder struct {
    95  	// frame is the current physical stack frame, or all 0s if
    96  	// there is no frame.
    97  	frame stkframe
    98  
    99  	// g is the G who's stack is being unwound. If the
   100  	// unwindJumpStack flag is set and the unwinder jumps stacks,
   101  	// this will be different from the initial G.
   102  	g guintptr
   103  
   104  	// cgoCtxt is the index into g.cgoCtxt of the next frame on the cgo stack.
   105  	// The cgo stack is unwound in tandem with the Go stack as we find marker frames.
   106  	cgoCtxt int
   107  
   108  	// calleeFuncID is the function ID of the caller of the current
   109  	// frame.
   110  	calleeFuncID abi.FuncID
   111  
   112  	// flags are the flags to this unwind. Some of these are updated as we
   113  	// unwind (see the flags documentation).
   114  	flags unwindFlags
   115  }
   116  
   117  // init initializes u to start unwinding gp's stack and positions the
   118  // iterator on gp's innermost frame. gp must not be the current G.
   119  //
   120  // A single unwinder can be reused for multiple unwinds.
   121  func (u *unwinder) init(gp *g, flags unwindFlags) {
   122  	// Implementation note: This starts the iterator on the first frame and we
   123  	// provide a "valid" method. Alternatively, this could start in a "before
   124  	// the first frame" state and "next" could return whether it was able to
   125  	// move to the next frame, but that's both more awkward to use in a "for"
   126  	// loop and is harder to implement because we have to do things differently
   127  	// for the first frame.
   128  	u.initAt(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), gp, flags)
   129  }
   130  
   131  func (u *unwinder) initAt(pc0, sp0, lr0 uintptr, gp *g, flags unwindFlags) {
   132  	// Don't call this "g"; it's too easy get "g" and "gp" confused.
   133  	if ourg := getg(); ourg == gp && ourg == ourg.m.curg {
   134  		// The starting sp has been passed in as a uintptr, and the caller may
   135  		// have other uintptr-typed stack references as well.
   136  		// If during one of the calls that got us here or during one of the
   137  		// callbacks below the stack must be grown, all these uintptr references
   138  		// to the stack will not be updated, and traceback will continue
   139  		// to inspect the old stack memory, which may no longer be valid.
   140  		// Even if all the variables were updated correctly, it is not clear that
   141  		// we want to expose a traceback that begins on one stack and ends
   142  		// on another stack. That could confuse callers quite a bit.
   143  		// Instead, we require that initAt and any other function that
   144  		// accepts an sp for the current goroutine (typically obtained by
   145  		// calling getcallersp) must not run on that goroutine's stack but
   146  		// instead on the g0 stack.
   147  		throw("cannot trace user goroutine on its own stack")
   148  	}
   149  
   150  	if pc0 == ^uintptr(0) && sp0 == ^uintptr(0) { // Signal to fetch saved values from gp.
   151  		if gp.syscallsp != 0 {
   152  			pc0 = gp.syscallpc
   153  			sp0 = gp.syscallsp
   154  			if usesLR {
   155  				lr0 = 0
   156  			}
   157  		} else {
   158  			pc0 = gp.sched.pc
   159  			sp0 = gp.sched.sp
   160  			if usesLR {
   161  				lr0 = gp.sched.lr
   162  			}
   163  		}
   164  	}
   165  
   166  	var frame stkframe
   167  	frame.pc = pc0
   168  	frame.sp = sp0
   169  	if usesLR {
   170  		frame.lr = lr0
   171  	}
   172  
   173  	// If the PC is zero, it's likely a nil function call.
   174  	// Start in the caller's frame.
   175  	if frame.pc == 0 {
   176  		if usesLR {
   177  			frame.pc = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
   178  			frame.lr = 0
   179  		} else {
   180  			frame.pc = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
   181  			frame.sp += goarch.PtrSize
   182  		}
   183  	}
   184  
   185  	// internal/runtime/atomic functions call into kernel helpers on
   186  	// arm < 7. See internal/runtime/atomic/sys_linux_arm.s.
   187  	//
   188  	// Start in the caller's frame.
   189  	if GOARCH == "arm" && goarm < 7 && GOOS == "linux" && frame.pc&0xffff0000 == 0xffff0000 {
   190  		// Note that the calls are simple BL without pushing the return
   191  		// address, so we use LR directly.
   192  		//
   193  		// The kernel helpers are frameless leaf functions, so SP and
   194  		// LR are not touched.
   195  		frame.pc = frame.lr
   196  		frame.lr = 0
   197  	}
   198  
   199  	f := findfunc(frame.pc)
   200  	if !f.valid() {
   201  		if flags&unwindSilentErrors == 0 {
   202  			print("runtime: g ", gp.goid, " gp=", gp, ": unknown pc ", hex(frame.pc), "\n")
   203  			tracebackHexdump(gp.stack, &frame, 0)
   204  		}
   205  		if flags&(unwindPrintErrors|unwindSilentErrors) == 0 {
   206  			throw("unknown pc")
   207  		}
   208  		*u = unwinder{}
   209  		return
   210  	}
   211  	frame.fn = f
   212  
   213  	// Populate the unwinder.
   214  	*u = unwinder{
   215  		frame:        frame,
   216  		g:            gp.guintptr(),
   217  		cgoCtxt:      len(gp.cgoCtxt) - 1,
   218  		calleeFuncID: abi.FuncIDNormal,
   219  		flags:        flags,
   220  	}
   221  
   222  	isSyscall := frame.pc == pc0 && frame.sp == sp0 && pc0 == gp.syscallpc && sp0 == gp.syscallsp
   223  	u.resolveInternal(true, isSyscall)
   224  }
   225  
   226  func (u *unwinder) valid() bool {
   227  	return u.frame.pc != 0
   228  }
   229  
   230  // resolveInternal fills in u.frame based on u.frame.fn, pc, and sp.
   231  //
   232  // innermost indicates that this is the first resolve on this stack. If
   233  // innermost is set, isSyscall indicates that the PC/SP was retrieved from
   234  // gp.syscall*; this is otherwise ignored.
   235  //
   236  // On entry, u.frame contains:
   237  //   - fn is the running function.
   238  //   - pc is the PC in the running function.
   239  //   - sp is the stack pointer at that program counter.
   240  //   - For the innermost frame on LR machines, lr is the program counter that called fn.
   241  //
   242  // On return, u.frame contains:
   243  //   - fp is the stack pointer of the caller.
   244  //   - lr is the program counter that called fn.
   245  //   - varp, argp, and continpc are populated for the current frame.
   246  //
   247  // If fn is a stack-jumping function, resolveInternal can change the entire
   248  // frame state to follow that stack jump.
   249  //
   250  // This is internal to unwinder.
   251  func (u *unwinder) resolveInternal(innermost, isSyscall bool) {
   252  	frame := &u.frame
   253  	gp := u.g.ptr()
   254  
   255  	f := frame.fn
   256  	if f.pcsp == 0 {
   257  		// No frame information, must be external function, like race support.
   258  		// See golang.org/issue/13568.
   259  		u.finishInternal()
   260  		return
   261  	}
   262  
   263  	// Compute function info flags.
   264  	flag := f.flag
   265  	if f.funcID == abi.FuncID_cgocallback {
   266  		// cgocallback does write SP to switch from the g0 to the curg stack,
   267  		// but it carefully arranges that during the transition BOTH stacks
   268  		// have cgocallback frame valid for unwinding through.
   269  		// So we don't need to exclude it with the other SP-writing functions.
   270  		flag &^= abi.FuncFlagSPWrite
   271  	}
   272  	if isSyscall {
   273  		// Some Syscall functions write to SP, but they do so only after
   274  		// saving the entry PC/SP using entersyscall.
   275  		// Since we are using the entry PC/SP, the later SP write doesn't matter.
   276  		flag &^= abi.FuncFlagSPWrite
   277  	}
   278  
   279  	// Found an actual function.
   280  	// Derive frame pointer.
   281  	if frame.fp == 0 {
   282  		// Jump over system stack transitions. If we're on g0 and there's a user
   283  		// goroutine, try to jump. Otherwise this is a regular call.
   284  		// We also defensively check that this won't switch M's on us,
   285  		// which could happen at critical points in the scheduler.
   286  		// This ensures gp.m doesn't change from a stack jump.
   287  		if u.flags&unwindJumpStack != 0 && gp == gp.m.g0 && gp.m.curg != nil && gp.m.curg.m == gp.m {
   288  			switch f.funcID {
   289  			case abi.FuncID_morestack:
   290  				// morestack does not return normally -- newstack()
   291  				// gogo's to curg.sched. Match that.
   292  				// This keeps morestack() from showing up in the backtrace,
   293  				// but that makes some sense since it'll never be returned
   294  				// to.
   295  				gp = gp.m.curg
   296  				u.g.set(gp)
   297  				frame.pc = gp.sched.pc
   298  				frame.fn = findfunc(frame.pc)
   299  				f = frame.fn
   300  				flag = f.flag
   301  				frame.lr = gp.sched.lr
   302  				frame.sp = gp.sched.sp
   303  				u.cgoCtxt = len(gp.cgoCtxt) - 1
   304  			case abi.FuncID_systemstack:
   305  				// systemstack returns normally, so just follow the
   306  				// stack transition.
   307  				if usesLR && funcspdelta(f, frame.pc) == 0 {
   308  					// We're at the function prologue and the stack
   309  					// switch hasn't happened, or epilogue where we're
   310  					// about to return. Just unwind normally.
   311  					// Do this only on LR machines because on x86
   312  					// systemstack doesn't have an SP delta (the CALL
   313  					// instruction opens the frame), therefore no way
   314  					// to check.
   315  					flag &^= abi.FuncFlagSPWrite
   316  					break
   317  				}
   318  				gp = gp.m.curg
   319  				u.g.set(gp)
   320  				frame.sp = gp.sched.sp
   321  				u.cgoCtxt = len(gp.cgoCtxt) - 1
   322  				flag &^= abi.FuncFlagSPWrite
   323  			}
   324  		}
   325  		frame.fp = frame.sp + uintptr(funcspdelta(f, frame.pc))
   326  		if !usesLR {
   327  			// On x86, call instruction pushes return PC before entering new function.
   328  			frame.fp += goarch.PtrSize
   329  		}
   330  	}
   331  
   332  	// Derive link register.
   333  	if flag&abi.FuncFlagTopFrame != 0 {
   334  		// This function marks the top of the stack. Stop the traceback.
   335  		frame.lr = 0
   336  	} else if flag&abi.FuncFlagSPWrite != 0 && (!innermost || u.flags&(unwindPrintErrors|unwindSilentErrors) != 0) {
   337  		// The function we are in does a write to SP that we don't know
   338  		// how to encode in the spdelta table. Examples include context
   339  		// switch routines like runtime.gogo but also any code that switches
   340  		// to the g0 stack to run host C code.
   341  		// We can't reliably unwind the SP (we might not even be on
   342  		// the stack we think we are), so stop the traceback here.
   343  		//
   344  		// The one exception (encoded in the complex condition above) is that
   345  		// we assume if we're doing a precise traceback, and this is the
   346  		// innermost frame, that the SPWRITE function voluntarily preempted itself on entry
   347  		// during the stack growth check. In that case, the function has
   348  		// not yet had a chance to do any writes to SP and is safe to unwind.
   349  		// isAsyncSafePoint does not allow assembly functions to be async preempted,
   350  		// and preemptPark double-checks that SPWRITE functions are not async preempted.
   351  		// So for GC stack traversal, we can safely ignore SPWRITE for the innermost frame,
   352  		// but farther up the stack we'd better not find any.
   353  		// This is somewhat imprecise because we're just guessing that we're in the stack
   354  		// growth check. It would be better if SPWRITE were encoded in the spdelta
   355  		// table so we would know for sure that we were still in safe code.
   356  		//
   357  		// uSE uPE inn | action
   358  		//  T   _   _  | frame.lr = 0
   359  		//  F   T   _  | frame.lr = 0
   360  		//  F   F   F  | print; panic
   361  		//  F   F   T  | ignore SPWrite
   362  		if u.flags&(unwindPrintErrors|unwindSilentErrors) == 0 && !innermost {
   363  			println("traceback: unexpected SPWRITE function", funcname(f))
   364  			throw("traceback")
   365  		}
   366  		frame.lr = 0
   367  	} else {
   368  		var lrPtr uintptr
   369  		if usesLR {
   370  			if innermost && frame.sp < frame.fp || frame.lr == 0 {
   371  				lrPtr = frame.sp
   372  				frame.lr = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(lrPtr))
   373  			}
   374  		} else {
   375  			if frame.lr == 0 {
   376  				lrPtr = frame.fp - goarch.PtrSize
   377  				frame.lr = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(lrPtr))
   378  			}
   379  		}
   380  	}
   381  
   382  	frame.varp = frame.fp
   383  	if !usesLR {
   384  		// On x86, call instruction pushes return PC before entering new function.
   385  		frame.varp -= goarch.PtrSize
   386  	}
   387  
   388  	// For architectures with frame pointers, if there's
   389  	// a frame, then there's a saved frame pointer here.
   390  	//
   391  	// NOTE: This code is not as general as it looks.
   392  	// On x86, the ABI is to save the frame pointer word at the
   393  	// top of the stack frame, so we have to back down over it.
   394  	// On arm64, the frame pointer should be at the bottom of
   395  	// the stack (with R29 (aka FP) = RSP), in which case we would
   396  	// not want to do the subtraction here. But we started out without
   397  	// any frame pointer, and when we wanted to add it, we didn't
   398  	// want to break all the assembly doing direct writes to 8(RSP)
   399  	// to set the first parameter to a called function.
   400  	// So we decided to write the FP link *below* the stack pointer
   401  	// (with R29 = RSP - 8 in Go functions).
   402  	// This is technically ABI-compatible but not standard.
   403  	// And it happens to end up mimicking the x86 layout.
   404  	// Other architectures may make different decisions.
   405  	if frame.varp > frame.sp && framepointer_enabled {
   406  		frame.varp -= goarch.PtrSize
   407  	}
   408  
   409  	frame.argp = frame.fp + sys.MinFrameSize
   410  
   411  	// Determine frame's 'continuation PC', where it can continue.
   412  	// Normally this is the return address on the stack, but if sigpanic
   413  	// is immediately below this function on the stack, then the frame
   414  	// stopped executing due to a trap, and frame.pc is probably not
   415  	// a safe point for looking up liveness information. In this panicking case,
   416  	// the function either doesn't return at all (if it has no defers or if the
   417  	// defers do not recover) or it returns from one of the calls to
   418  	// deferproc a second time (if the corresponding deferred func recovers).
   419  	// In the latter case, use a deferreturn call site as the continuation pc.
   420  	frame.continpc = frame.pc
   421  	if u.calleeFuncID == abi.FuncID_sigpanic {
   422  		if frame.fn.deferreturn != 0 {
   423  			frame.continpc = frame.fn.entry() + uintptr(frame.fn.deferreturn) + 1
   424  			// Note: this may perhaps keep return variables alive longer than
   425  			// strictly necessary, as we are using "function has a defer statement"
   426  			// as a proxy for "function actually deferred something". It seems
   427  			// to be a minor drawback. (We used to actually look through the
   428  			// gp._defer for a defer corresponding to this function, but that
   429  			// is hard to do with defer records on the stack during a stack copy.)
   430  			// Note: the +1 is to offset the -1 that
   431  			// stack.go:getStackMap does to back up a return
   432  			// address make sure the pc is in the CALL instruction.
   433  		} else {
   434  			frame.continpc = 0
   435  		}
   436  	}
   437  }
   438  
   439  func (u *unwinder) next() {
   440  	frame := &u.frame
   441  	f := frame.fn
   442  	gp := u.g.ptr()
   443  
   444  	// Do not unwind past the bottom of the stack.
   445  	if frame.lr == 0 {
   446  		u.finishInternal()
   447  		return
   448  	}
   449  	flr := findfunc(frame.lr)
   450  	if !flr.valid() {
   451  		// This happens if you get a profiling interrupt at just the wrong time.
   452  		// In that context it is okay to stop early.
   453  		// But if no error flags are set, we're doing a garbage collection and must
   454  		// get everything, so crash loudly.
   455  		fail := u.flags&(unwindPrintErrors|unwindSilentErrors) == 0
   456  		doPrint := u.flags&unwindSilentErrors == 0
   457  		if doPrint && gp.m.incgo && f.funcID == abi.FuncID_sigpanic {
   458  			// We can inject sigpanic
   459  			// calls directly into C code,
   460  			// in which case we'll see a C
   461  			// return PC. Don't complain.
   462  			doPrint = false
   463  		}
   464  		if fail || doPrint {
   465  			print("runtime: g ", gp.goid, ": unexpected return pc for ", funcname(f), " called from ", hex(frame.lr), "\n")
   466  			tracebackHexdump(gp.stack, frame, 0)
   467  		}
   468  		if fail {
   469  			throw("unknown caller pc")
   470  		}
   471  		frame.lr = 0
   472  		u.finishInternal()
   473  		return
   474  	}
   475  
   476  	if frame.pc == frame.lr && frame.sp == frame.fp {
   477  		// If the next frame is identical to the current frame, we cannot make progress.
   478  		print("runtime: traceback stuck. pc=", hex(frame.pc), " sp=", hex(frame.sp), "\n")
   479  		tracebackHexdump(gp.stack, frame, frame.sp)
   480  		throw("traceback stuck")
   481  	}
   482  
   483  	injectedCall := f.funcID == abi.FuncID_sigpanic || f.funcID == abi.FuncID_asyncPreempt || f.funcID == abi.FuncID_debugCallV2
   484  	if injectedCall {
   485  		u.flags |= unwindTrap
   486  	} else {
   487  		u.flags &^= unwindTrap
   488  	}
   489  
   490  	// Unwind to next frame.
   491  	u.calleeFuncID = f.funcID
   492  	frame.fn = flr
   493  	frame.pc = frame.lr
   494  	frame.lr = 0
   495  	frame.sp = frame.fp
   496  	frame.fp = 0
   497  
   498  	// On link register architectures, sighandler saves the LR on stack
   499  	// before faking a call.
   500  	if usesLR && injectedCall {
   501  		x := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(frame.sp))
   502  		frame.sp += alignUp(sys.MinFrameSize, sys.StackAlign)
   503  		f = findfunc(frame.pc)
   504  		frame.fn = f
   505  		if !f.valid() {
   506  			frame.pc = x
   507  		} else if funcspdelta(f, frame.pc) == 0 {
   508  			frame.lr = x
   509  		}
   510  	}
   511  
   512  	u.resolveInternal(false, false)
   513  }
   514  
   515  // finishInternal is an unwinder-internal helper called after the stack has been
   516  // exhausted. It sets the unwinder to an invalid state and checks that it
   517  // successfully unwound the entire stack.
   518  func (u *unwinder) finishInternal() {
   519  	u.frame.pc = 0
   520  
   521  	// Note that panic != nil is okay here: there can be leftover panics,
   522  	// because the defers on the panic stack do not nest in frame order as
   523  	// they do on the defer stack. If you have:
   524  	//
   525  	//	frame 1 defers d1
   526  	//	frame 2 defers d2
   527  	//	frame 3 defers d3
   528  	//	frame 4 panics
   529  	//	frame 4's panic starts running defers
   530  	//	frame 5, running d3, defers d4
   531  	//	frame 5 panics
   532  	//	frame 5's panic starts running defers
   533  	//	frame 6, running d4, garbage collects
   534  	//	frame 6, running d2, garbage collects
   535  	//
   536  	// During the execution of d4, the panic stack is d4 -> d3, which
   537  	// is nested properly, and we'll treat frame 3 as resumable, because we
   538  	// can find d3. (And in fact frame 3 is resumable. If d4 recovers
   539  	// and frame 5 continues running, d3, d3 can recover and we'll
   540  	// resume execution in (returning from) frame 3.)
   541  	//
   542  	// During the execution of d2, however, the panic stack is d2 -> d3,
   543  	// which is inverted. The scan will match d2 to frame 2 but having
   544  	// d2 on the stack until then means it will not match d3 to frame 3.
   545  	// This is okay: if we're running d2, then all the defers after d2 have
   546  	// completed and their corresponding frames are dead. Not finding d3
   547  	// for frame 3 means we'll set frame 3's continpc == 0, which is correct
   548  	// (frame 3 is dead). At the end of the walk the panic stack can thus
   549  	// contain defers (d3 in this case) for dead frames. The inversion here
   550  	// always indicates a dead frame, and the effect of the inversion on the
   551  	// scan is to hide those dead frames, so the scan is still okay:
   552  	// what's left on the panic stack are exactly (and only) the dead frames.
   553  	//
   554  	// We require callback != nil here because only when callback != nil
   555  	// do we know that gentraceback is being called in a "must be correct"
   556  	// context as opposed to a "best effort" context. The tracebacks with
   557  	// callbacks only happen when everything is stopped nicely.
   558  	// At other times, such as when gathering a stack for a profiling signal
   559  	// or when printing a traceback during a crash, everything may not be
   560  	// stopped nicely, and the stack walk may not be able to complete.
   561  	gp := u.g.ptr()
   562  	if u.flags&(unwindPrintErrors|unwindSilentErrors) == 0 && u.frame.sp != gp.stktopsp {
   563  		print("runtime: g", gp.goid, ": frame.sp=", hex(u.frame.sp), " top=", hex(gp.stktopsp), "\n")
   564  		print("\tstack=[", hex(gp.stack.lo), "-", hex(gp.stack.hi), "\n")
   565  		throw("traceback did not unwind completely")
   566  	}
   567  }
   568  
   569  // symPC returns the PC that should be used for symbolizing the current frame.
   570  // Specifically, this is the PC of the last instruction executed in this frame.
   571  //
   572  // If this frame did a normal call, then frame.pc is a return PC, so this will
   573  // return frame.pc-1, which points into the CALL instruction. If the frame was
   574  // interrupted by a signal (e.g., profiler, segv, etc) then frame.pc is for the
   575  // trapped instruction, so this returns frame.pc. See issue #34123. Finally,
   576  // frame.pc can be at function entry when the frame is initialized without
   577  // actually running code, like in runtime.mstart, in which case this returns
   578  // frame.pc because that's the best we can do.
   579  func (u *unwinder) symPC() uintptr {
   580  	if u.flags&unwindTrap == 0 && u.frame.pc > u.frame.fn.entry() {
   581  		// Regular call.
   582  		return u.frame.pc - 1
   583  	}
   584  	// Trapping instruction or we're at the function entry point.
   585  	return u.frame.pc
   586  }
   587  
   588  // cgoCallers populates pcBuf with the cgo callers of the current frame using
   589  // the registered cgo unwinder. It returns the number of PCs written to pcBuf.
   590  // If the current frame is not a cgo frame or if there's no registered cgo
   591  // unwinder, it returns 0.
   592  func (u *unwinder) cgoCallers(pcBuf []uintptr) int {
   593  	if cgoTraceback == nil || u.frame.fn.funcID != abi.FuncID_cgocallback || u.cgoCtxt < 0 {
   594  		// We don't have a cgo unwinder (typical case), or we do but we're not
   595  		// in a cgo frame or we're out of cgo context.
   596  		return 0
   597  	}
   598  
   599  	ctxt := u.g.ptr().cgoCtxt[u.cgoCtxt]
   600  	u.cgoCtxt--
   601  	cgoContextPCs(ctxt, pcBuf)
   602  	for i, pc := range pcBuf {
   603  		if pc == 0 {
   604  			return i
   605  		}
   606  	}
   607  	return len(pcBuf)
   608  }
   609  
   610  // tracebackPCs populates pcBuf with the return addresses for each frame from u
   611  // and returns the number of PCs written to pcBuf. The returned PCs correspond
   612  // to "logical frames" rather than "physical frames"; that is if A is inlined
   613  // into B, this will still return a PCs for both A and B. This also includes PCs
   614  // generated by the cgo unwinder, if one is registered.
   615  //
   616  // If skip != 0, this skips this many logical frames.
   617  //
   618  // Callers should set the unwindSilentErrors flag on u.
   619  func tracebackPCs(u *unwinder, skip int, pcBuf []uintptr) int {
   620  	var cgoBuf [32]uintptr
   621  	n := 0
   622  	for ; n < len(pcBuf) && u.valid(); u.next() {
   623  		f := u.frame.fn
   624  		cgoN := u.cgoCallers(cgoBuf[:])
   625  
   626  		// TODO: Why does &u.cache cause u to escape? (Same in traceback2)
   627  		for iu, uf := newInlineUnwinder(f, u.symPC()); n < len(pcBuf) && uf.valid(); uf = iu.next(uf) {
   628  			sf := iu.srcFunc(uf)
   629  			if sf.funcID == abi.FuncIDWrapper && elideWrapperCalling(u.calleeFuncID) {
   630  				// ignore wrappers
   631  			} else if skip > 0 {
   632  				skip--
   633  			} else {
   634  				// Callers expect the pc buffer to contain return addresses
   635  				// and do the -1 themselves, so we add 1 to the call pc to
   636  				// create a "return pc". Since there is no actual call, here
   637  				// "return pc" just means a pc you subtract 1 from to get
   638  				// the pc of the "call". The actual no-op we insert may or
   639  				// may not be 1 byte.
   640  				pcBuf[n] = uf.pc + 1
   641  				n++
   642  			}
   643  			u.calleeFuncID = sf.funcID
   644  		}
   645  		// Add cgo frames (if we're done skipping over the requested number of
   646  		// Go frames).
   647  		if skip == 0 {
   648  			n += copy(pcBuf[n:], cgoBuf[:cgoN])
   649  		}
   650  	}
   651  	return n
   652  }
   653  
   654  // printArgs prints function arguments in traceback.
   655  func printArgs(f funcInfo, argp unsafe.Pointer, pc uintptr) {
   656  	p := (*[abi.TraceArgsMaxLen]uint8)(funcdata(f, abi.FUNCDATA_ArgInfo))
   657  	if p == nil {
   658  		return
   659  	}
   660  
   661  	liveInfo := funcdata(f, abi.FUNCDATA_ArgLiveInfo)
   662  	liveIdx := pcdatavalue(f, abi.PCDATA_ArgLiveIndex, pc)
   663  	startOffset := uint8(0xff) // smallest offset that needs liveness info (slots with a lower offset is always live)
   664  	if liveInfo != nil {
   665  		startOffset = *(*uint8)(liveInfo)
   666  	}
   667  
   668  	isLive := func(off, slotIdx uint8) bool {
   669  		if liveInfo == nil || liveIdx <= 0 {
   670  			return true // no liveness info, always live
   671  		}
   672  		if off < startOffset {
   673  			return true
   674  		}
   675  		bits := *(*uint8)(add(liveInfo, uintptr(liveIdx)+uintptr(slotIdx/8)))
   676  		return bits&(1<<(slotIdx%8)) != 0
   677  	}
   678  
   679  	print1 := func(off, sz, slotIdx uint8) {
   680  		x := readUnaligned64(add(argp, uintptr(off)))
   681  		// mask out irrelevant bits
   682  		if sz < 8 {
   683  			shift := 64 - sz*8
   684  			if goarch.BigEndian {
   685  				x = x >> shift
   686  			} else {
   687  				x = x << shift >> shift
   688  			}
   689  		}
   690  		print(hex(x))
   691  		if !isLive(off, slotIdx) {
   692  			print("?")
   693  		}
   694  	}
   695  
   696  	start := true
   697  	printcomma := func() {
   698  		if !start {
   699  			print(", ")
   700  		}
   701  	}
   702  	pi := 0
   703  	slotIdx := uint8(0) // register arg spill slot index
   704  printloop:
   705  	for {
   706  		o := p[pi]
   707  		pi++
   708  		switch o {
   709  		case abi.TraceArgsEndSeq:
   710  			break printloop
   711  		case abi.TraceArgsStartAgg:
   712  			printcomma()
   713  			print("{")
   714  			start = true
   715  			continue
   716  		case abi.TraceArgsEndAgg:
   717  			print("}")
   718  		case abi.TraceArgsDotdotdot:
   719  			printcomma()
   720  			print("...")
   721  		case abi.TraceArgsOffsetTooLarge:
   722  			printcomma()
   723  			print("_")
   724  		default:
   725  			printcomma()
   726  			sz := p[pi]
   727  			pi++
   728  			print1(o, sz, slotIdx)
   729  			if o >= startOffset {
   730  				slotIdx++
   731  			}
   732  		}
   733  		start = false
   734  	}
   735  }
   736  
   737  // funcNamePiecesForPrint returns the function name for printing to the user.
   738  // It returns three pieces so it doesn't need an allocation for string
   739  // concatenation.
   740  func funcNamePiecesForPrint(name string) (string, string, string) {
   741  	// Replace the shape name in generic function with "...".
   742  	i := bytealg.IndexByteString(name, '[')
   743  	if i < 0 {
   744  		return name, "", ""
   745  	}
   746  	j := len(name) - 1
   747  	for name[j] != ']' {
   748  		j--
   749  	}
   750  	if j <= i {
   751  		return name, "", ""
   752  	}
   753  	return name[:i], "[...]", name[j+1:]
   754  }
   755  
   756  // funcNameForPrint returns the function name for printing to the user.
   757  func funcNameForPrint(name string) string {
   758  	a, b, c := funcNamePiecesForPrint(name)
   759  	return a + b + c
   760  }
   761  
   762  // printFuncName prints a function name. name is the function name in
   763  // the binary's func data table.
   764  func printFuncName(name string) {
   765  	if name == "runtime.gopanic" {
   766  		print("panic")
   767  		return
   768  	}
   769  	a, b, c := funcNamePiecesForPrint(name)
   770  	print(a, b, c)
   771  }
   772  
   773  func printcreatedby(gp *g) {
   774  	// Show what created goroutine, except main goroutine (goid 1).
   775  	pc := gp.gopc
   776  	f := findfunc(pc)
   777  	if f.valid() && showframe(f.srcFunc(), gp, false, abi.FuncIDNormal) && gp.goid != 1 {
   778  		printcreatedby1(f, pc, gp.parentGoid)
   779  	}
   780  }
   781  
   782  func printcreatedby1(f funcInfo, pc uintptr, goid uint64) {
   783  	print("created by ")
   784  	printFuncName(funcname(f))
   785  	if goid != 0 {
   786  		print(" in goroutine ", goid)
   787  	}
   788  	print("\n")
   789  	tracepc := pc // back up to CALL instruction for funcline.
   790  	if pc > f.entry() {
   791  		tracepc -= sys.PCQuantum
   792  	}
   793  	file, line := funcline(f, tracepc)
   794  	print("\t", file, ":", line)
   795  	if pc > f.entry() {
   796  		print(" +", hex(pc-f.entry()))
   797  	}
   798  	print("\n")
   799  }
   800  
   801  func traceback(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g) {
   802  	traceback1(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0)
   803  }
   804  
   805  // tracebacktrap is like traceback but expects that the PC and SP were obtained
   806  // from a trap, not from gp->sched or gp->syscallpc/gp->syscallsp or getcallerpc/getcallersp.
   807  // Because they are from a trap instead of from a saved pair,
   808  // the initial PC must not be rewound to the previous instruction.
   809  // (All the saved pairs record a PC that is a return address, so we
   810  // rewind it into the CALL instruction.)
   811  // If gp.m.libcall{g,pc,sp} information is available, it uses that information in preference to
   812  // the pc/sp/lr passed in.
   813  func tracebacktrap(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g) {
   814  	if gp.m.libcallsp != 0 {
   815  		// We're in C code somewhere, traceback from the saved position.
   816  		traceback1(gp.m.libcallpc, gp.m.libcallsp, 0, gp.m.libcallg.ptr(), 0)
   817  		return
   818  	}
   819  	traceback1(pc, sp, lr, gp, unwindTrap)
   820  }
   821  
   822  func traceback1(pc, sp, lr uintptr, gp *g, flags unwindFlags) {
   823  	// If the goroutine is in cgo, and we have a cgo traceback, print that.
   824  	if iscgo && gp.m != nil && gp.m.ncgo > 0 && gp.syscallsp != 0 && gp.m.cgoCallers != nil && gp.m.cgoCallers[0] != 0 {
   825  		// Lock cgoCallers so that a signal handler won't
   826  		// change it, copy the array, reset it, unlock it.
   827  		// We are locked to the thread and are not running
   828  		// concurrently with a signal handler.
   829  		// We just have to stop a signal handler from interrupting
   830  		// in the middle of our copy.
   831  		gp.m.cgoCallersUse.Store(1)
   832  		cgoCallers := *gp.m.cgoCallers
   833  		gp.m.cgoCallers[0] = 0
   834  		gp.m.cgoCallersUse.Store(0)
   835  
   836  		printCgoTraceback(&cgoCallers)
   837  	}
   838  
   839  	if readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Gsyscall {
   840  		// Override registers if blocked in system call.
   841  		pc = gp.syscallpc
   842  		sp = gp.syscallsp
   843  		flags &^= unwindTrap
   844  	}
   845  	if gp.m != nil && gp.m.vdsoSP != 0 {
   846  		// Override registers if running in VDSO. This comes after the
   847  		// _Gsyscall check to cover VDSO calls after entersyscall.
   848  		pc = gp.m.vdsoPC
   849  		sp = gp.m.vdsoSP
   850  		flags &^= unwindTrap
   851  	}
   852  
   853  	// Print traceback.
   854  	//
   855  	// We print the first tracebackInnerFrames frames, and the last
   856  	// tracebackOuterFrames frames. There are many possible approaches to this.
   857  	// There are various complications to this:
   858  	//
   859  	// - We'd prefer to walk the stack once because in really bad situations
   860  	//   traceback may crash (and we want as much output as possible) or the stack
   861  	//   may be changing.
   862  	//
   863  	// - Each physical frame can represent several logical frames, so we might
   864  	//   have to pause in the middle of a physical frame and pick up in the middle
   865  	//   of a physical frame.
   866  	//
   867  	// - The cgo symbolizer can expand a cgo PC to more than one logical frame,
   868  	//   and involves juggling state on the C side that we don't manage. Since its
   869  	//   expansion state is managed on the C side, we can't capture the expansion
   870  	//   state part way through, and because the output strings are managed on the
   871  	//   C side, we can't capture the output. Thus, our only choice is to replay a
   872  	//   whole expansion, potentially discarding some of it.
   873  	//
   874  	// Rejected approaches:
   875  	//
   876  	// - Do two passes where the first pass just counts and the second pass does
   877  	//   all the printing. This is undesirable if the stack is corrupted or changing
   878  	//   because we won't see a partial stack if we panic.
   879  	//
   880  	// - Keep a ring buffer of the last N logical frames and use this to print
   881  	//   the bottom frames once we reach the end of the stack. This works, but
   882  	//   requires keeping a surprising amount of state on the stack, and we have
   883  	//   to run the cgo symbolizer twice—once to count frames, and a second to
   884  	//   print them—since we can't retain the strings it returns.
   885  	//
   886  	// Instead, we print the outer frames, and if we reach that limit, we clone
   887  	// the unwinder, count the remaining frames, and then skip forward and
   888  	// finish printing from the clone. This makes two passes over the outer part
   889  	// of the stack, but the single pass over the inner part ensures that's
   890  	// printed immediately and not revisited. It keeps minimal state on the
   891  	// stack. And through a combination of skip counts and limits, we can do all
   892  	// of the steps we need with a single traceback printer implementation.
   893  	//
   894  	// We could be more lax about exactly how many frames we print, for example
   895  	// always stopping and resuming on physical frame boundaries, or at least
   896  	// cgo expansion boundaries. It's not clear that's much simpler.
   897  	flags |= unwindPrintErrors
   898  	var u unwinder
   899  	tracebackWithRuntime := func(showRuntime bool) int {
   900  		const maxInt int = 0x7fffffff
   901  		u.initAt(pc, sp, lr, gp, flags)
   902  		n, lastN := traceback2(&u, showRuntime, 0, tracebackInnerFrames)
   903  		if n < tracebackInnerFrames {
   904  			// We printed the whole stack.
   905  			return n
   906  		}
   907  		// Clone the unwinder and figure out how many frames are left. This
   908  		// count will include any logical frames already printed for u's current
   909  		// physical frame.
   910  		u2 := u
   911  		remaining, _ := traceback2(&u, showRuntime, maxInt, 0)
   912  		elide := remaining - lastN - tracebackOuterFrames
   913  		if elide > 0 {
   914  			print("...", elide, " frames elided...\n")
   915  			traceback2(&u2, showRuntime, lastN+elide, tracebackOuterFrames)
   916  		} else if elide <= 0 {
   917  			// There are tracebackOuterFrames or fewer frames left to print.
   918  			// Just print the rest of the stack.
   919  			traceback2(&u2, showRuntime, lastN, tracebackOuterFrames)
   920  		}
   921  		return n
   922  	}
   923  	// By default, omits runtime frames. If that means we print nothing at all,
   924  	// repeat forcing all frames printed.
   925  	if tracebackWithRuntime(false) == 0 {
   926  		tracebackWithRuntime(true)
   927  	}
   928  	printcreatedby(gp)
   929  
   930  	if gp.ancestors == nil {
   931  		return
   932  	}
   933  	for _, ancestor := range *gp.ancestors {
   934  		printAncestorTraceback(ancestor)
   935  	}
   936  }
   937  
   938  // traceback2 prints a stack trace starting at u. It skips the first "skip"
   939  // logical frames, after which it prints at most "max" logical frames. It
   940  // returns n, which is the number of logical frames skipped and printed, and
   941  // lastN, which is the number of logical frames skipped or printed just in the
   942  // physical frame that u references.
   943  func traceback2(u *unwinder, showRuntime bool, skip, max int) (n, lastN int) {
   944  	// commitFrame commits to a logical frame and returns whether this frame
   945  	// should be printed and whether iteration should stop.
   946  	commitFrame := func() (pr, stop bool) {
   947  		if skip == 0 && max == 0 {
   948  			// Stop
   949  			return false, true
   950  		}
   951  		n++
   952  		lastN++
   953  		if skip > 0 {
   954  			// Skip
   955  			skip--
   956  			return false, false
   957  		}
   958  		// Print
   959  		max--
   960  		return true, false
   961  	}
   962  
   963  	gp := u.g.ptr()
   964  	level, _, _ := gotraceback()
   965  	var cgoBuf [32]uintptr
   966  	for ; u.valid(); u.next() {
   967  		lastN = 0
   968  		f := u.frame.fn
   969  		for iu, uf := newInlineUnwinder(f, u.symPC()); uf.valid(); uf = iu.next(uf) {
   970  			sf := iu.srcFunc(uf)
   971  			callee := u.calleeFuncID
   972  			u.calleeFuncID = sf.funcID
   973  			if !(showRuntime || showframe(sf, gp, n == 0, callee)) {
   974  				continue
   975  			}
   976  
   977  			if pr, stop := commitFrame(); stop {
   978  				return
   979  			} else if !pr {
   980  				continue
   981  			}
   982  
   983  			name := sf.name()
   984  			file, line := iu.fileLine(uf)
   985  			// Print during crash.
   986  			//	main(0x1, 0x2, 0x3)
   987  			//		/home/rsc/go/src/runtime/x.go:23 +0xf
   988  			//
   989  			printFuncName(name)
   990  			print("(")
   991  			if iu.isInlined(uf) {
   992  				print("...")
   993  			} else {
   994  				argp := unsafe.Pointer(u.frame.argp)
   995  				printArgs(f, argp, u.symPC())
   996  			}
   997  			print(")\n")
   998  			print("\t", file, ":", line)
   999  			if !iu.isInlined(uf) {
  1000  				if u.frame.pc > f.entry() {
  1001  					print(" +", hex(u.frame.pc-f.entry()))
  1002  				}
  1003  				if gp.m != nil && gp.m.throwing >= throwTypeRuntime && gp == gp.m.curg || level >= 2 {
  1004  					print(" fp=", hex(u.frame.fp), " sp=", hex(u.frame.sp), " pc=", hex(u.frame.pc))
  1005  				}
  1006  			}
  1007  			print("\n")
  1008  		}
  1009  
  1010  		// Print cgo frames.
  1011  		if cgoN := u.cgoCallers(cgoBuf[:]); cgoN > 0 {
  1012  			var arg cgoSymbolizerArg
  1013  			anySymbolized := false
  1014  			stop := false
  1015  			for _, pc := range cgoBuf[:cgoN] {
  1016  				if cgoSymbolizer == nil {
  1017  					if pr, stop := commitFrame(); stop {
  1018  						break
  1019  					} else if pr {
  1020  						print("non-Go function at pc=", hex(pc), "\n")
  1021  					}
  1022  				} else {
  1023  					stop = printOneCgoTraceback(pc, commitFrame, &arg)
  1024  					anySymbolized = true
  1025  					if stop {
  1026  						break
  1027  					}
  1028  				}
  1029  			}
  1030  			if anySymbolized {
  1031  				// Free symbolization state.
  1032  				arg.pc = 0
  1033  				callCgoSymbolizer(&arg)
  1034  			}
  1035  			if stop {
  1036  				return
  1037  			}
  1038  		}
  1039  	}
  1040  	return n, 0
  1041  }
  1042  
  1043  // printAncestorTraceback prints the traceback of the given ancestor.
  1044  // TODO: Unify this with gentraceback and CallersFrames.
  1045  func printAncestorTraceback(ancestor ancestorInfo) {
  1046  	print("[originating from goroutine ", ancestor.goid, "]:\n")
  1047  	for fidx, pc := range ancestor.pcs {
  1048  		f := findfunc(pc) // f previously validated
  1049  		if showfuncinfo(f.srcFunc(), fidx == 0, abi.FuncIDNormal) {
  1050  			printAncestorTracebackFuncInfo(f, pc)
  1051  		}
  1052  	}
  1053  	if len(ancestor.pcs) == tracebackInnerFrames {
  1054  		print("...additional frames elided...\n")
  1055  	}
  1056  	// Show what created goroutine, except main goroutine (goid 1).
  1057  	f := findfunc(ancestor.gopc)
  1058  	if f.valid() && showfuncinfo(f.srcFunc(), false, abi.FuncIDNormal) && ancestor.goid != 1 {
  1059  		// In ancestor mode, we'll already print the goroutine ancestor.
  1060  		// Pass 0 for the goid parameter so we don't print it again.
  1061  		printcreatedby1(f, ancestor.gopc, 0)
  1062  	}
  1063  }
  1064  
  1065  // printAncestorTracebackFuncInfo prints the given function info at a given pc
  1066  // within an ancestor traceback. The precision of this info is reduced
  1067  // due to only have access to the pcs at the time of the caller
  1068  // goroutine being created.
  1069  func printAncestorTracebackFuncInfo(f funcInfo, pc uintptr) {
  1070  	u, uf := newInlineUnwinder(f, pc)
  1071  	file, line := u.fileLine(uf)
  1072  	printFuncName(u.srcFunc(uf).name())
  1073  	print("(...)\n")
  1074  	print("\t", file, ":", line)
  1075  	if pc > f.entry() {
  1076  		print(" +", hex(pc-f.entry()))
  1077  	}
  1078  	print("\n")
  1079  }
  1080  
  1081  func callers(skip int, pcbuf []uintptr) int {
  1082  	sp := getcallersp()
  1083  	pc := getcallerpc()
  1084  	gp := getg()
  1085  	var n int
  1086  	systemstack(func() {
  1087  		var u unwinder
  1088  		u.initAt(pc, sp, 0, gp, unwindSilentErrors)
  1089  		n = tracebackPCs(&u, skip, pcbuf)
  1090  	})
  1091  	return n
  1092  }
  1093  
  1094  func gcallers(gp *g, skip int, pcbuf []uintptr) int {
  1095  	var u unwinder
  1096  	u.init(gp, unwindSilentErrors)
  1097  	return tracebackPCs(&u, skip, pcbuf)
  1098  }
  1099  
  1100  // showframe reports whether the frame with the given characteristics should
  1101  // be printed during a traceback.
  1102  func showframe(sf srcFunc, gp *g, firstFrame bool, calleeID abi.FuncID) bool {
  1103  	mp := getg().m
  1104  	if mp.throwing >= throwTypeRuntime && gp != nil && (gp == mp.curg || gp == mp.caughtsig.ptr()) {
  1105  		return true
  1106  	}
  1107  	return showfuncinfo(sf, firstFrame, calleeID)
  1108  }
  1109  
  1110  // showfuncinfo reports whether a function with the given characteristics should
  1111  // be printed during a traceback.
  1112  func showfuncinfo(sf srcFunc, firstFrame bool, calleeID abi.FuncID) bool {
  1113  	level, _, _ := gotraceback()
  1114  	if level > 1 {
  1115  		// Show all frames.
  1116  		return true
  1117  	}
  1118  
  1119  	if sf.funcID == abi.FuncIDWrapper && elideWrapperCalling(calleeID) {
  1120  		return false
  1121  	}
  1122  
  1123  	name := sf.name()
  1124  
  1125  	// Special case: always show runtime.gopanic frame
  1126  	// in the middle of a stack trace, so that we can
  1127  	// see the boundary between ordinary code and
  1128  	// panic-induced deferred code.
  1129  	// See golang.org/issue/5832.
  1130  	if name == "runtime.gopanic" && !firstFrame {
  1131  		return true
  1132  	}
  1133  
  1134  	return bytealg.IndexByteString(name, '.') >= 0 && (!hasPrefix(name, "runtime.") || isExportedRuntime(name))
  1135  }
  1136  
  1137  // isExportedRuntime reports whether name is an exported runtime function.
  1138  // It is only for runtime functions, so ASCII A-Z is fine.
  1139  func isExportedRuntime(name string) bool {
  1140  	// Check and remove package qualifier.
  1141  	n := len("runtime.")
  1142  	if len(name) <= n || name[:n] != "runtime." {
  1143  		return false
  1144  	}
  1145  	name = name[n:]
  1146  	rcvr := ""
  1147  
  1148  	// Extract receiver type, if any.
  1149  	// For example, runtime.(*Func).Entry
  1150  	i := len(name) - 1
  1151  	for i >= 0 && name[i] != '.' {
  1152  		i--
  1153  	}
  1154  	if i >= 0 {
  1155  		rcvr = name[:i]
  1156  		name = name[i+1:]
  1157  		// Remove parentheses and star for pointer receivers.
  1158  		if len(rcvr) >= 3 && rcvr[0] == '(' && rcvr[1] == '*' && rcvr[len(rcvr)-1] == ')' {
  1159  			rcvr = rcvr[2 : len(rcvr)-1]
  1160  		}
  1161  	}
  1162  
  1163  	// Exported functions and exported methods on exported types.
  1164  	return len(name) > 0 && 'A' <= name[0] && name[0] <= 'Z' && (len(rcvr) == 0 || 'A' <= rcvr[0] && rcvr[0] <= 'Z')
  1165  }
  1166  
  1167  // elideWrapperCalling reports whether a wrapper function that called
  1168  // function id should be elided from stack traces.
  1169  func elideWrapperCalling(id abi.FuncID) bool {
  1170  	// If the wrapper called a panic function instead of the
  1171  	// wrapped function, we want to include it in stacks.
  1172  	return !(id == abi.FuncID_gopanic || id == abi.FuncID_sigpanic || id == abi.FuncID_panicwrap)
  1173  }
  1174  
  1175  var gStatusStrings = [...]string{
  1176  	_Gidle:      "idle",
  1177  	_Grunnable:  "runnable",
  1178  	_Grunning:   "running",
  1179  	_Gsyscall:   "syscall",
  1180  	_Gwaiting:   "waiting",
  1181  	_Gdead:      "dead",
  1182  	_Gcopystack: "copystack",
  1183  	_Gpreempted: "preempted",
  1184  }
  1185  
  1186  func goroutineheader(gp *g) {
  1187  	level, _, _ := gotraceback()
  1188  
  1189  	gpstatus := readgstatus(gp)
  1190  
  1191  	isScan := gpstatus&_Gscan != 0
  1192  	gpstatus &^= _Gscan // drop the scan bit
  1193  
  1194  	// Basic string status
  1195  	var status string
  1196  	if 0 <= gpstatus && gpstatus < uint32(len(gStatusStrings)) {
  1197  		status = gStatusStrings[gpstatus]
  1198  	} else {
  1199  		status = "???"
  1200  	}
  1201  
  1202  	// Override.
  1203  	if gpstatus == _Gwaiting && gp.waitreason != waitReasonZero {
  1204  		status = gp.waitreason.String()
  1205  	}
  1206  
  1207  	// approx time the G is blocked, in minutes
  1208  	var waitfor int64
  1209  	if (gpstatus == _Gwaiting || gpstatus == _Gsyscall) && gp.waitsince != 0 {
  1210  		waitfor = (nanotime() - gp.waitsince) / 60e9
  1211  	}
  1212  	print("goroutine ", gp.goid)
  1213  	if gp.m != nil && gp.m.throwing >= throwTypeRuntime && gp == gp.m.curg || level >= 2 {
  1214  		print(" gp=", gp)
  1215  		if gp.m != nil {
  1216  			print(" m=", gp.m.id, " mp=", gp.m)
  1217  		} else {
  1218  			print(" m=nil")
  1219  		}
  1220  	}
  1221  	print(" [", status)
  1222  	if isScan {
  1223  		print(" (scan)")
  1224  	}
  1225  	if waitfor >= 1 {
  1226  		print(", ", waitfor, " minutes")
  1227  	}
  1228  	if gp.lockedm != 0 {
  1229  		print(", locked to thread")
  1230  	}
  1231  	print("]:\n")
  1232  }
  1233  
  1234  func tracebackothers(me *g) {
  1235  	level, _, _ := gotraceback()
  1236  
  1237  	// Show the current goroutine first, if we haven't already.
  1238  	curgp := getg().m.curg
  1239  	if curgp != nil && curgp != me {
  1240  		print("\n")
  1241  		goroutineheader(curgp)
  1242  		traceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, curgp)
  1243  	}
  1244  
  1245  	// We can't call locking forEachG here because this may be during fatal
  1246  	// throw/panic, where locking could be out-of-order or a direct
  1247  	// deadlock.
  1248  	//
  1249  	// Instead, use forEachGRace, which requires no locking. We don't lock
  1250  	// against concurrent creation of new Gs, but even with allglock we may
  1251  	// miss Gs created after this loop.
  1252  	forEachGRace(func(gp *g) {
  1253  		if gp == me || gp == curgp || readgstatus(gp) == _Gdead || isSystemGoroutine(gp, false) && level < 2 {
  1254  			return
  1255  		}
  1256  		print("\n")
  1257  		goroutineheader(gp)
  1258  		// Note: gp.m == getg().m occurs when tracebackothers is called
  1259  		// from a signal handler initiated during a systemstack call.
  1260  		// The original G is still in the running state, and we want to
  1261  		// print its stack.
  1262  		if gp.m != getg().m && readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Grunning {
  1263  			print("\tgoroutine running on other thread; stack unavailable\n")
  1264  			printcreatedby(gp)
  1265  		} else {
  1266  			traceback(^uintptr(0), ^uintptr(0), 0, gp)
  1267  		}
  1268  	})
  1269  }
  1270  
  1271  // tracebackHexdump hexdumps part of stk around frame.sp and frame.fp
  1272  // for debugging purposes. If the address bad is included in the
  1273  // hexdumped range, it will mark it as well.
  1274  func tracebackHexdump(stk stack, frame *stkframe, bad uintptr) {
  1275  	const expand = 32 * goarch.PtrSize
  1276  	const maxExpand = 256 * goarch.PtrSize
  1277  	// Start around frame.sp.
  1278  	lo, hi := frame.sp, frame.sp
  1279  	// Expand to include frame.fp.
  1280  	if frame.fp != 0 && frame.fp < lo {
  1281  		lo = frame.fp
  1282  	}
  1283  	if frame.fp != 0 && frame.fp > hi {
  1284  		hi = frame.fp
  1285  	}
  1286  	// Expand a bit more.
  1287  	lo, hi = lo-expand, hi+expand
  1288  	// But don't go too far from frame.sp.
  1289  	if lo < frame.sp-maxExpand {
  1290  		lo = frame.sp - maxExpand
  1291  	}
  1292  	if hi > frame.sp+maxExpand {
  1293  		hi = frame.sp + maxExpand
  1294  	}
  1295  	// And don't go outside the stack bounds.
  1296  	if lo < stk.lo {
  1297  		lo = stk.lo
  1298  	}
  1299  	if hi > stk.hi {
  1300  		hi = stk.hi
  1301  	}
  1302  
  1303  	// Print the hex dump.
  1304  	print("stack: frame={sp:", hex(frame.sp), ", fp:", hex(frame.fp), "} stack=[", hex(stk.lo), ",", hex(stk.hi), ")\n")
  1305  	hexdumpWords(lo, hi, func(p uintptr) byte {
  1306  		switch p {
  1307  		case frame.fp:
  1308  			return '>'
  1309  		case frame.sp:
  1310  			return '<'
  1311  		case bad:
  1312  			return '!'
  1313  		}
  1314  		return 0
  1315  	})
  1316  }
  1317  
  1318  // isSystemGoroutine reports whether the goroutine g must be omitted
  1319  // in stack dumps and deadlock detector. This is any goroutine that
  1320  // starts at a runtime.* entry point, except for runtime.main,
  1321  // runtime.handleAsyncEvent (wasm only) and sometimes runtime.runfinq.
  1322  //
  1323  // If fixed is true, any goroutine that can vary between user and
  1324  // system (that is, the finalizer goroutine) is considered a user
  1325  // goroutine.
  1326  func isSystemGoroutine(gp *g, fixed bool) bool {
  1327  	// Keep this in sync with internal/trace.IsSystemGoroutine.
  1328  	f := findfunc(gp.startpc)
  1329  	if !f.valid() {
  1330  		return false
  1331  	}
  1332  	if f.funcID == abi.FuncID_runtime_main || f.funcID == abi.FuncID_corostart || f.funcID == abi.FuncID_handleAsyncEvent {
  1333  		return false
  1334  	}
  1335  	if f.funcID == abi.FuncID_runfinq {
  1336  		// We include the finalizer goroutine if it's calling
  1337  		// back into user code.
  1338  		if fixed {
  1339  			// This goroutine can vary. In fixed mode,
  1340  			// always consider it a user goroutine.
  1341  			return false
  1342  		}
  1343  		return fingStatus.Load()&fingRunningFinalizer == 0
  1344  	}
  1345  	return hasPrefix(funcname(f), "runtime.")
  1346  }
  1347  
  1348  // SetCgoTraceback records three C functions to use to gather
  1349  // traceback information from C code and to convert that traceback
  1350  // information into symbolic information. These are used when printing
  1351  // stack traces for a program that uses cgo.
  1352  //
  1353  // The traceback and context functions may be called from a signal
  1354  // handler, and must therefore use only async-signal safe functions.
  1355  // The symbolizer function may be called while the program is
  1356  // crashing, and so must be cautious about using memory.  None of the
  1357  // functions may call back into Go.
  1358  //
  1359  // The context function will be called with a single argument, a
  1360  // pointer to a struct:
  1361  //
  1362  //	struct {
  1363  //		Context uintptr
  1364  //	}
  1365  //
  1366  // In C syntax, this struct will be
  1367  //
  1368  //	struct {
  1369  //		uintptr_t Context;
  1370  //	};
  1371  //
  1372  // If the Context field is 0, the context function is being called to
  1373  // record the current traceback context. It should record in the
  1374  // Context field whatever information is needed about the current
  1375  // point of execution to later produce a stack trace, probably the
  1376  // stack pointer and PC. In this case the context function will be
  1377  // called from C code.
  1378  //
  1379  // If the Context field is not 0, then it is a value returned by a
  1380  // previous call to the context function. This case is called when the
  1381  // context is no longer needed; that is, when the Go code is returning
  1382  // to its C code caller. This permits the context function to release
  1383  // any associated resources.
  1384  //
  1385  // While it would be correct for the context function to record a
  1386  // complete a stack trace whenever it is called, and simply copy that
  1387  // out in the traceback function, in a typical program the context
  1388  // function will be called many times without ever recording a
  1389  // traceback for that context. Recording a complete stack trace in a
  1390  // call to the context function is likely to be inefficient.
  1391  //
  1392  // The traceback function will be called with a single argument, a
  1393  // pointer to a struct:
  1394  //
  1395  //	struct {
  1396  //		Context    uintptr
  1397  //		SigContext uintptr
  1398  //		Buf        *uintptr
  1399  //		Max        uintptr
  1400  //	}
  1401  //
  1402  // In C syntax, this struct will be
  1403  //
  1404  //	struct {
  1405  //		uintptr_t  Context;
  1406  //		uintptr_t  SigContext;
  1407  //		uintptr_t* Buf;
  1408  //		uintptr_t  Max;
  1409  //	};
  1410  //
  1411  // The Context field will be zero to gather a traceback from the
  1412  // current program execution point. In this case, the traceback
  1413  // function will be called from C code.
  1414  //
  1415  // Otherwise Context will be a value previously returned by a call to
  1416  // the context function. The traceback function should gather a stack
  1417  // trace from that saved point in the program execution. The traceback
  1418  // function may be called from an execution thread other than the one
  1419  // that recorded the context, but only when the context is known to be
  1420  // valid and unchanging. The traceback function may also be called
  1421  // deeper in the call stack on the same thread that recorded the
  1422  // context. The traceback function may be called multiple times with
  1423  // the same Context value; it will usually be appropriate to cache the
  1424  // result, if possible, the first time this is called for a specific
  1425  // context value.
  1426  //
  1427  // If the traceback function is called from a signal handler on a Unix
  1428  // system, SigContext will be the signal context argument passed to
  1429  // the signal handler (a C ucontext_t* cast to uintptr_t). This may be
  1430  // used to start tracing at the point where the signal occurred. If
  1431  // the traceback function is not called from a signal handler,
  1432  // SigContext will be zero.
  1433  //
  1434  // Buf is where the traceback information should be stored. It should
  1435  // be PC values, such that Buf[0] is the PC of the caller, Buf[1] is
  1436  // the PC of that function's caller, and so on.  Max is the maximum
  1437  // number of entries to store.  The function should store a zero to
  1438  // indicate the top of the stack, or that the caller is on a different
  1439  // stack, presumably a Go stack.
  1440  //
  1441  // Unlike runtime.Callers, the PC values returned should, when passed
  1442  // to the symbolizer function, return the file/line of the call
  1443  // instruction.  No additional subtraction is required or appropriate.
  1444  //
  1445  // On all platforms, the traceback function is invoked when a call from
  1446  // Go to C to Go requests a stack trace. On linux/amd64, linux/ppc64le,
  1447  // linux/arm64, and freebsd/amd64, the traceback function is also invoked
  1448  // when a signal is received by a thread that is executing a cgo call.
  1449  // The traceback function should not make assumptions about when it is
  1450  // called, as future versions of Go may make additional calls.
  1451  //
  1452  // The symbolizer function will be called with a single argument, a
  1453  // pointer to a struct:
  1454  //
  1455  //	struct {
  1456  //		PC      uintptr // program counter to fetch information for
  1457  //		File    *byte   // file name (NUL terminated)
  1458  //		Lineno  uintptr // line number
  1459  //		Func    *byte   // function name (NUL terminated)
  1460  //		Entry   uintptr // function entry point
  1461  //		More    uintptr // set non-zero if more info for this PC
  1462  //		Data    uintptr // unused by runtime, available for function
  1463  //	}
  1464  //
  1465  // In C syntax, this struct will be
  1466  //
  1467  //	struct {
  1468  //		uintptr_t PC;
  1469  //		char*     File;
  1470  //		uintptr_t Lineno;
  1471  //		char*     Func;
  1472  //		uintptr_t Entry;
  1473  //		uintptr_t More;
  1474  //		uintptr_t Data;
  1475  //	};
  1476  //
  1477  // The PC field will be a value returned by a call to the traceback
  1478  // function.
  1479  //
  1480  // The first time the function is called for a particular traceback,
  1481  // all the fields except PC will be 0. The function should fill in the
  1482  // other fields if possible, setting them to 0/nil if the information
  1483  // is not available. The Data field may be used to store any useful
  1484  // information across calls. The More field should be set to non-zero
  1485  // if there is more information for this PC, zero otherwise. If More
  1486  // is set non-zero, the function will be called again with the same
  1487  // PC, and may return different information (this is intended for use
  1488  // with inlined functions). If More is zero, the function will be
  1489  // called with the next PC value in the traceback. When the traceback
  1490  // is complete, the function will be called once more with PC set to
  1491  // zero; this may be used to free any information. Each call will
  1492  // leave the fields of the struct set to the same values they had upon
  1493  // return, except for the PC field when the More field is zero. The
  1494  // function must not keep a copy of the struct pointer between calls.
  1495  //
  1496  // When calling SetCgoTraceback, the version argument is the version
  1497  // number of the structs that the functions expect to receive.
  1498  // Currently this must be zero.
  1499  //
  1500  // The symbolizer function may be nil, in which case the results of
  1501  // the traceback function will be displayed as numbers. If the
  1502  // traceback function is nil, the symbolizer function will never be
  1503  // called. The context function may be nil, in which case the
  1504  // traceback function will only be called with the context field set
  1505  // to zero.  If the context function is nil, then calls from Go to C
  1506  // to Go will not show a traceback for the C portion of the call stack.
  1507  //
  1508  // SetCgoTraceback should be called only once, ideally from an init function.
  1509  func SetCgoTraceback(version int, traceback, context, symbolizer unsafe.Pointer) {
  1510  	if version != 0 {
  1511  		panic("unsupported version")
  1512  	}
  1513  
  1514  	if cgoTraceback != nil && cgoTraceback != traceback ||
  1515  		cgoContext != nil && cgoContext != context ||
  1516  		cgoSymbolizer != nil && cgoSymbolizer != symbolizer {
  1517  		panic("call SetCgoTraceback only once")
  1518  	}
  1519  
  1520  	cgoTraceback = traceback
  1521  	cgoContext = context
  1522  	cgoSymbolizer = symbolizer
  1523  
  1524  	// The context function is called when a C function calls a Go
  1525  	// function. As such it is only called by C code in runtime/cgo.
  1526  	if _cgo_set_context_function != nil {
  1527  		cgocall(_cgo_set_context_function, context)
  1528  	}
  1529  }
  1530  
  1531  var cgoTraceback unsafe.Pointer
  1532  var cgoContext unsafe.Pointer
  1533  var cgoSymbolizer unsafe.Pointer
  1534  
  1535  // cgoTracebackArg is the type passed to cgoTraceback.
  1536  type cgoTracebackArg struct {
  1537  	context    uintptr
  1538  	sigContext uintptr
  1539  	buf        *uintptr
  1540  	max        uintptr
  1541  }
  1542  
  1543  // cgoContextArg is the type passed to the context function.
  1544  type cgoContextArg struct {
  1545  	context uintptr
  1546  }
  1547  
  1548  // cgoSymbolizerArg is the type passed to cgoSymbolizer.
  1549  type cgoSymbolizerArg struct {
  1550  	pc       uintptr
  1551  	file     *byte
  1552  	lineno   uintptr
  1553  	funcName *byte
  1554  	entry    uintptr
  1555  	more     uintptr
  1556  	data     uintptr
  1557  }
  1558  
  1559  // printCgoTraceback prints a traceback of callers.
  1560  func printCgoTraceback(callers *cgoCallers) {
  1561  	if cgoSymbolizer == nil {
  1562  		for _, c := range callers {
  1563  			if c == 0 {
  1564  				break
  1565  			}
  1566  			print("non-Go function at pc=", hex(c), "\n")
  1567  		}
  1568  		return
  1569  	}
  1570  
  1571  	commitFrame := func() (pr, stop bool) { return true, false }
  1572  	var arg cgoSymbolizerArg
  1573  	for _, c := range callers {
  1574  		if c == 0 {
  1575  			break
  1576  		}
  1577  		printOneCgoTraceback(c, commitFrame, &arg)
  1578  	}
  1579  	arg.pc = 0
  1580  	callCgoSymbolizer(&arg)
  1581  }
  1582  
  1583  // printOneCgoTraceback prints the traceback of a single cgo caller.
  1584  // This can print more than one line because of inlining.
  1585  // It returns the "stop" result of commitFrame.
  1586  func printOneCgoTraceback(pc uintptr, commitFrame func() (pr, stop bool), arg *cgoSymbolizerArg) bool {
  1587  	arg.pc = pc
  1588  	for {
  1589  		if pr, stop := commitFrame(); stop {
  1590  			return true
  1591  		} else if !pr {
  1592  			continue
  1593  		}
  1594  
  1595  		callCgoSymbolizer(arg)
  1596  		if arg.funcName != nil {
  1597  			// Note that we don't print any argument
  1598  			// information here, not even parentheses.
  1599  			// The symbolizer must add that if appropriate.
  1600  			println(gostringnocopy(arg.funcName))
  1601  		} else {
  1602  			println("non-Go function")
  1603  		}
  1604  		print("\t")
  1605  		if arg.file != nil {
  1606  			print(gostringnocopy(arg.file), ":", arg.lineno, " ")
  1607  		}
  1608  		print("pc=", hex(pc), "\n")
  1609  		if arg.more == 0 {
  1610  			return false
  1611  		}
  1612  	}
  1613  }
  1614  
  1615  // callCgoSymbolizer calls the cgoSymbolizer function.
  1616  func callCgoSymbolizer(arg *cgoSymbolizerArg) {
  1617  	call := cgocall
  1618  	if panicking.Load() > 0 || getg().m.curg != getg() {
  1619  		// We do not want to call into the scheduler when panicking
  1620  		// or when on the system stack.
  1621  		call = asmcgocall
  1622  	}
  1623  	if msanenabled {
  1624  		msanwrite(unsafe.Pointer(arg), unsafe.Sizeof(cgoSymbolizerArg{}))
  1625  	}
  1626  	if asanenabled {
  1627  		asanwrite(unsafe.Pointer(arg), unsafe.Sizeof(cgoSymbolizerArg{}))
  1628  	}
  1629  	call(cgoSymbolizer, noescape(unsafe.Pointer(arg)))
  1630  }
  1631  
  1632  // cgoContextPCs gets the PC values from a cgo traceback.
  1633  func cgoContextPCs(ctxt uintptr, buf []uintptr) {
  1634  	if cgoTraceback == nil {
  1635  		return
  1636  	}
  1637  	call := cgocall
  1638  	if panicking.Load() > 0 || getg().m.curg != getg() {
  1639  		// We do not want to call into the scheduler when panicking
  1640  		// or when on the system stack.
  1641  		call = asmcgocall
  1642  	}
  1643  	arg := cgoTracebackArg{
  1644  		context: ctxt,
  1645  		buf:     (*uintptr)(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0]))),
  1646  		max:     uintptr(len(buf)),
  1647  	}
  1648  	if msanenabled {
  1649  		msanwrite(unsafe.Pointer(&arg), unsafe.Sizeof(arg))
  1650  	}
  1651  	if asanenabled {
  1652  		asanwrite(unsafe.Pointer(&arg), unsafe.Sizeof(arg))
  1653  	}
  1654  	call(cgoTraceback, noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
  1655  }
  1656  

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